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الجمعة ديسمبر 18, 2015 8:48 am من طرف 
| تعــــــريف الفحوم الهيدروجينية هي مركبات عضوية تحتوي جزيئاتها فقط على الكربون و الهيدروجين، و قد تكون خطية أو متفرعة أو حلقية. تنقسم الفحوم الهيدروجينية إلى قسمين أليفاتية و أروماتية. 2. الفحوم الهيدروجينية الأليفاتية 1.2. تفاعلات الألكانات 1.1.2. احتراق الألكانات (التفاعل مع O2 ): ينتج عن تفاعل الاحتراق الـ CO2 و الـ H2O و الطاقة طاقة +CnH2n+2 + …O2 ===> …CO2 + …H2O تطبيق: تحترق 7 L من غاز الميثان CH4 في الشروط النظامية - أكتب معادلة تفاعل الاحتراق الحادث - حدد كمية و حجم و كتلة الأكسجين اللازم للاحتراق ثم استنتج حجم الهواء - أحسب كمية و حجم و كتلة ثاني أكسيد الكربون الناتج، نفس الشيء مع الماء 2.1.2. هلجنة الألكانات (التفاعل مع X2 ): ينتج عن الهلجنة استبدال ذرات الـ H عند الدرجة 400°C أو الأشعة UV فوق البنفسجية. RH + X2 ==> RX + HX C2H6 + Cl2 ==> C2H5Cl + HCl ملاحظات: - الفلور F2 مؤكسد قوي، فهو يعمل على تفكيك الألكانات C2H6 + 3F2 ==> 2C + 6HF - كذلك بوجود فائض من الكلور Cl يكون الاستبدال على نفس ذرة الكربون CH4 + Cl2 ==> CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 ==> CH2Cl2 + HCl CH2Cl2 + Cl2 ==> CHCl3 + HCl CHCl3 + Cl2 ==> CCl4 + HCl - يعتبر رباعي كلور الميثان CCl4 مذيب عضوي جيد - أثناء تفاعل الهلجنة يكون الاستبدال مع الـ C الأقل هيدروجين: CH3-CH2-CH3 + Cl2 ==> CH3-CHCl-CH3 + HCl - يستبدل البروم Br2 بصعوبة مع الألكانات أما اليود I2 لا يتفاعل 2) تسمية الهيدروكربونات المشبعة حسب قواعد IUPAC قواعد IUPAC في تسمية الهيدروكربونات المشبعة ( الفحوم الهيدروجينية ). تعرف هذه المركبات حسب IUPAC باسم Alkanes ( تعرف بالعربية ألكانات) وهي مركبات تتكون من الكربون والهيدروجين فقط وتكون فيها روابط الكربون كلها من الدرجة الأولى. 1) القاعدة الأولى: لعلك تذكر أن أبسط مركبات الفحوم الهيدروجينية المشبعة تلك التي تكون سلسلتها خطية وغير متفرعة ، مثال : CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 هذا المركب خطي يحوي (5) ذرات كربون . ولاشتقاق اسم المركب أعلاه حسب قواعد الاتحاد الدولي IUPAC أجب عما يلي : ـ كم عدد ذرات الكربون في المركب ؟ الجواب سهل وذكرناه أعلاه عدد ذرات الكربون (5). ـ ما الكلمة اللاتينية القديمة التي تدل على (5) ؟ إنها كلمة Pent. ـ كيف نشتق اسم المركب العضوي ؟ نبدأ بكلمة (5) اللاتينية وهي Pent إذن اسم المركب Pentane = Pent + ane . مثال : C8H18 : اسمه Octane المقطع Oct يدل على الرقم (  باللاتينية والنهاية aneفتدل على عائلة هذا المركب وهي عائلة الفحوم الهيدروجينية المشبعة. ستجد في الجدول التالي قائمة بأسماء الهيدروكربونات المشبعة غير المتفرعة حسب IUPAC لاحظ أن أسماء المركبات الأربعة الأولى هي أسماء شائعة وقد اعتمدها الاتحاد الدولي كما هي ودون تغيير. <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width:95.14%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt: outset #111111 .25pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="95%"> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left: .14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="19%"> الاسم محرفاً بالعربية </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="23%"> اسم المركب بالإنجليزية كما هو معتمد من الاتحاد الدولي </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="21%"> الأرقام اليونانية وأسماؤها اللاتينية </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="12%"> عدد ذرات الكربون </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="23%"> صيغة المركب غير المتفرغ </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> ميثان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Methane* </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Un I </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 1 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH4 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> إيثان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Ethane* </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Do II </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 2 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> بروبان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Propane* </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Tri III </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 3 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3CH2CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> بيوتان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Butane* </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Tetra IV </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 4 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3CH2CH2CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:5;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> بنتان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Pentane* </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Penta V </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 5 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)3CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:6;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> هكسان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Hexane </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> hexa VI </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 6 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)4CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:7;height:21.0pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:21.0pt" width="19%"> هبتنان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:21.0pt" width="23%"> Heptane </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:21.0pt" width="21%"> hepta VII </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:21.0pt" width="12%"> 7 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:21.0pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)5CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:8;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> أوكتان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Octane </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Octa VIII </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 8 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)6CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:9;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> نونان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Nonane </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Nona IX </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 9 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)7CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:10;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> ديكان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Decane** </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Deca X </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 10 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)8CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:11;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> أون ديكان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Undecane </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Undeca XI </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 11 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)9CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:12;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> دو ديكان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Dodecane </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Dodeca XII </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 12 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)10CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:13;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> تري ديكان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Tridecane </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Tridecane XIII </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 13 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)11CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:14;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> تترا ديكان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Tetradecane </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Tetradecane XIV </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 14 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)12CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:15;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> بنتا ديكان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Pentadecane </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Pentadecane XV </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 15 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)13CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:16;height:23.25pt;mso-row-margin-left:.14%"> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;border-bottom:outset 1.0pt" width="0%"> </td> <td style="width:19.22%;border:double #0080C0 2.25pt; border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:23.25pt" width="19%"> ايكوزان </td> <td style="width:23.28%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> Eicosane </td> <td style="width:21.26%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="21%"> Eicosane XX </td> <td colspan="2" style="width:12.18%;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="12%"> 20 </td> <td style="width:23.92%;border-top:none;border-left:none; border-bottom:double #0080C0 2.25pt;border-right:double #0080C0 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt;mso-border-left-alt:double #0080C0 2.25pt; padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;height:23.25pt" width="23%"> CH3(CH2)18CH3 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:17;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;mso-row-margin-right:31.48%"> <td colspan="5" style="width:68.52%;padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt" width="68%"> * الأسماء ليست مشتقة من أسماء الأرقام اللاتينية. **أسماء المركبات التي تحوي 5 ذرات فحم أو أكثر تشتق من أسماء الأرقام اللاتينية . </td> <td style="mso-cell-special:placeholder;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" colspan="2" width="31%"> </td> </tr> <tr height="0"> <td style="border:none" width="1"> </td> <td style="border:none" width="134"> </td> <td style="border:none" width="163"> </td> <td style="border:none" width="148"> </td> <td style="border:none" width="32"> </td> <td style="border:none" width="53"> </td> <td style="border:none" width="167"> </td> </tr> </table> تدريب (1): اكتب أسماء المركبات التالية : <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width:50.0%;margin-left:212.05pt;border-collapse:collapse;border: none;mso-border-alt:outset #111111 .25pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="50%"> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes"> <td style="width:50.0%;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="50%"> C17H36 </td> <td style="width:50.0%;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="50%"> C16H34 </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes"> <td style="width:50.0%;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="50%"> C19H40 </td> <td style="width:50.0%;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" width="50%"> C18H38 </td> </tr> </table> الإجابة: <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width:50.0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:outset #111111 .25pt; mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="50%"> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:12.75pt"> <td style="width:50.0%;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:12.75pt" width="50%"> هبتاديكان Heptadecane </td> <td style="width:50.0%;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:12.75pt" width="50%"> هكساديكان Hexadecane </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;height:14.25pt"> <td style="width:50.0%;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:14.25pt" width="50%"> نوناديكان Nonadecane </td> <td style="width:50.0%;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:14.25pt" width="50%"> أوكتاديكان Octadecane </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:14.25pt"> <td style="width:50.0%;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:14.25pt" width="50%"> </td> <td style="width:50.0%;border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; height:14.25pt" width="50%"> </td> </tr> </table> |
أخوكم ومحبكم في الله عيسى لعلاوي
